Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

The conjunctiva is the thin layer of tissue that covers the white part of our eyes. When it becomes irritated and inflamed for a number of reasons, it is called conjunctivitis or pink eye. Most cases of pink eye are caused by viruses, but some are caused by bacteria, parasites, or fungi. Others may result from irritant chemicals or allergens.

Viral Conjunctivitis

If conjunctivitis is caused by a virus, the eyes become red and tend to water a lot. The infection is highly contagious for up to 2 weeks and can spread through mere contact or from coughing or sneezing. Frequent handwashing, using separate towels, and avoiding touching the eyes can reduce its spread to others. Over-the-counter artificial tears usually help with eye irritation in viral conjunctivitis. In some cases, steroid eye drops are used to reduce symptoms. Antibiotics are not needed.

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

Bacterial conjunctivitis is caused by a variety of bacteria and is common in children. Symptoms include red eyes with sticky discharge. It is also contagious, so maintaining good hygiene is essential to prevent spreading the disease. Most bacterial infections resolve on their own within a week or so without needing treatment. However, antibiotic eye drops are often prescribed to reduce symptoms and the severity of the condition.

Some bacterial conjunctivitis cases are related to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like gonorrhea and chlamydia. Gonorrheal symptoms are much more pronounced, and if not treated promptly and adequately with antibiotics, it may cause vision loss. Chlamydial infection, on the other hand, can last for months. Conjunctivitis usually results from the spread of bacteria to the eye from genital discharges or from the mother to the baby during delivery. Oral and topical antibiotics are used for treatment.

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is an irritation of the conjunctiva caused by dust particles, pollen, mites, or other allergens. Discharge is usually watery, and the eyelids may become puffy. The telltale signs of allergies are itching and rubbing of the eyes. Some cases of allergic conjunctivitis flare up during the summer, while others persist throughout the year.

There are a number of medications to combat allergies. Some medications provide quick relief, while others may prevent future attacks. In severe cases, oral or topical steroids can be prescribed.